Canon Status
Canonical in the Eastern Orthodox Church (anagignoskomena). Not canonical in Roman Catholic, Protestant, or Jewish traditions. Appears in the Vulgate appendix as 3 Esdras.
Date & Provenance
Composed in the 2nd or 1st century BCE, likely in Egypt or Palestine.
Language & Manuscripts
Greek text in Codex Vaticanus and Codex Alexandrinus. Translated into Latin (Vulgate appendix), Syriac, Ethiopic, and Armenian.
Why It Matters for Study
Witnesses to an alternative textual tradition of Ezra–Nehemiah. Contains the court-contest story of the three guards, glorifying Zerubbabel and the Davidic line.
" Truth is the greatest of all things. All the earth calls upon truth, and heaven blesses it." — 1 Esdras 4:41
Read the Text & External Resources
Public-domain translations and scholarly databases where the text can be read online or downloaded.
- 1 Esdras — Early Jewish Writings Full translation and scholarly resources.
- 1 Esdras — Wikipedia Background and scholarly discussion.
External links open in a new tab. Sources are chosen for public-domain or open-access availability; always verify edition and translation when citing in academic work.
Further Reading
Myers, J. M. I and II Esdras. Anchor Bible. Doubleday, 1974.
Talshir, Z. I Esdras: From Origin to Translation. SBL, 1999.
Charlesworth, J. H., ed. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 1. Doubleday, 1983.