4 Maccabees

A Hellenistic Jewish philosophical treatise that uses the Maccabean martyrdoms to argue that devout reason is master of the passions. Known as " the philosophical interpretation of 2 Maccabees."|||Written in Koine Greek. Added to the Septuagint as an appendix in the 1st century CE. Survives in Codex Sinaiticus and other Septuagint manuscripts.|||Composed between 140 BCE and 100 CE, most likely in the 1st century CE, before the fall of the Temple in 70 CE.|||Deuterocanonical in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Not canonical in Roman Catholic or Protestant traditions. Jewish: not canonical.|||A prime example of Jewish engagement with Greek philosophy. Develops the theology of martyrdom as rational worship.|||Hadas, M. The Third and Fourth Books of Maccabees. Harper, 1953.|||deSilva, D. A. 4 Maccabees. Sheffield Academic Press, 1998.|||Renehan, R. " The Greek Philosophic Background of Fourth Maccabees." Rheinisches Museum 115 (1972): 223–238.|||4 Maccabees — Early Jewish Writings|https://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/4maccabees.html|Full translation and scholarly resources.;; 4 Maccabees — Wikipedia|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Maccabees|Background and scholarly discussion.|||" Reason, like a good pilot, steers the ship of the soul through the storms of passion." — 4 Maccabees (paraphrase)