Canon Status
Not canonical in any tradition except the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (as part of 1 Enoch).
Date & Provenance
Composed 1st century BCE to 1st century CE.
Language & Manuscripts
Part of 1 Enoch (chs. 37–71). Preserved complete only in Ge'ez. No Qumran fragments.
Why It Matters for Study
Presents the " Son of Man" and " Righteous One" as pre-existent heavenly figures who will judge. Directly relevant to the New Testament's use of " Son of Man" for Jesus.
" And the Lord of Spirits seated him on the throne of His glory, and the spirit of righteousness was poured out upon him." — Similitudes of Enoch (1 Enoch 62:2)
Read the Text & External Resources
Public-domain translations and scholarly databases where the text can be read online or downloaded.
- Read within 1 Enoch Full translation at Sacred Texts.
- Early Jewish Writings — 1 Enoch Scholarly index.
External links open in a new tab. Sources are chosen for public-domain or open-access availability; always verify edition and translation when citing in academic work.
Further Reading
Nickelsburg, G. W. E. 1 Enoch 1: A Commentary. Fortress Press, 2001.
VanderKam, J. C. " Righteous One, Messiah, Chosen One, and Son of Man in 1 Enoch 37–71." In The Messiah. Fortress Press, 1992.
Charles, R. H. The Book of Enoch. Oxford, 1912.