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Reworked Pentateuch

The Reworked Pentateuch (4Q158, 4Q364–4Q367) is a group of manuscripts that present a rewritten and expanded version of the Torah.|||4Q158, 4Q364–4Q367, written in Hebrew.|||Composed in the 2nd or 1st century BCE.|||Not canonical in any tradition.|||Presents a rewritten Torah with harmonizations, expansions, and rearrangements. Important for understanding the transmission of the Pentateuch and the exegetical methods of Second Temple Judaism.|||Tov, E., & White, S. " Reworked Pentateuch." In Qumran Cave 4.VIII. Oxford, 1994.|||Vermes, G. The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English. Penguin, 1997.|||Crawford, S. W. " Reworked Pentateuch." In The Dead Sea Scrolls: Texts and Context. Brill, 2010.|||Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library|https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/|View Reworked Pentateuch fragments.;; Wikipedia — Reworked Pentateuch|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reworked_Pentateuch|Background and discussion.|||" And the Lord said to Moses: 'Write these words, for I have made a covenant with you and with Israel.'" — Reworked Pentateuch (paraphrase)

Collection: Dead Sea Scrolls (Qumran) Canon: varies

Canon Status

Not canonical in any tradition.

Date & Provenance

Composed in the 2nd or 1st century BCE.

Language & Manuscripts

4Q158, 4Q364–4Q367, written in Hebrew.

Why It Matters for Study

Presents a rewritten Torah with harmonizations, expansions, and rearrangements. Important for understanding the transmission of the Pentateuch and the exegetical methods of Second Temple Judaism.

" And the Lord said to Moses: 'Write these words, for I have made a covenant with you and with Israel.'" — Reworked Pentateuch (paraphrase)

Read the Text & External Resources

Public-domain translations and scholarly databases where the text can be read online or downloaded.

External links open in a new tab. Sources are chosen for public-domain or open-access availability; always verify edition and translation when citing in academic work.

Further Reading

Tov, E., & White, S. " Reworked Pentateuch." In Qumran Cave 4.VIII. Oxford, 1994.
Vermes, G. The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English. Penguin, 1997.
Crawford, S. W. " Reworked Pentateuch." In The Dead Sea Scrolls: Texts and Context. Brill, 2010.